neděle 30. června 2013
čtvrtek 27. června 2013
úterý 25. června 2013
Jefferson v. Hamilton and the Federalist Era
Steven Bosco
Father Garaventa
U.S. History 11
27 November 2012
Jefferson v. Hamilton and the Federalist Era
Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton were two great leaders in United States history. Jefferson and Hamilton were opposites. Jefferson believed in small government. Hamilton believed in bigger government and more federal influence. This was the case in his day, but today he would be considered conservative and a small government advocator by comparison. Jefferson was about strict construction of the Constitution and that the Constitution means exactly what it says. It should not be open to interpretation. Hamilton, on the other hand, was about loose construction of the Constitution and that the Constitution must be interpreted because of historic and social change.
Jefferson believed the United States Constitution does not give the right to the Government to incorporate banks (Document A). He thought doing this would set a dangerous precedence, passing over the boundaries of the constitution. Jefferson’s belief in strict construction of the Constitution shines through here. On the other side, Alexander Hamilton believed that forming banks would be in line with the Constitution (Document B). Hamilton shows his loose constructionist belief. He thought that the same powers that grant the government the right to make laws also gives the right to incorporate banks.
In Thomas Jefferson’s inaugural address he points out that people who were not used to thinking for themselves are now voting for the common good of all Americans (Document C). Jefferson believes his stance on government policies is correct and for the good of all Americans.
Anti-Federalists wanted to advise that the Constitution is lacking a bill of rights (Document D). They said the constitution gives too much power to the Government and that the individual should have rights under the protection of an official document. Jefferson stood in agreement with the Anti-Federalists and Hamilton did not in contrast.
James Madison in The Federalist No. 10 says that the Union, or our Republic, is a safe guard against domestic revolting of the people (Document E). Giving the people liberty and passion will ensure that the people are satisfied and possess the tools they need for individual freedom. Jefferson believed in individual rights to ensure a safe and calm state of America while Hamilton wanted more government presence.
According to the Sedition Act, a citizen shall be charged with high misdemeanor if a citizen opposes any measure of Government (Document F). “Alexander Hamilton and congressional Federalists took advantage of the public’s wartime fears and drafted and passed the Alien and Sedition Acts (http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/sedition-act-becomes-federal-law).” This was wrong for the United States and contradicted the whole point of the Revolutionary War. We the people have pride in our freedom of speech. Fortunately, President John Adams squashed the Sedition Act. Although there was damage done, people were arrested for speaking against the government and the like.
Alexander Hamilton in The Federalist No. 51 talks of separation of powers, a partition of power that will keep all branches of government clean and pure (Document G). This is highly important because if power is taken, or used, from outside one branch of authority, a breakdown will occur within this brilliant system set up by America’s Constitution. For example, the President should not be able to make use of congressional powers.
In the Kentucky Resolutions, it is made clear that the United States was not united to submit to government. When government assumes un-rightful power, the people have no obligation to abide by it (Document H). The government created by this agreement of the Constitution does not have the given right to decide its own powers. It can easily be seen today that this is not the case anymore; although, it should be.
The Federal and Supreme courts have the power to decide whether or not a law is constitutional. The Federal and Supreme courts decisions are above individual state court decisions (Document I).
Hamilton believed that in order to have a strong economy and to make the free market work, there must be central banks to support commerce. Jefferson supported local banks as a means to support the free market. He believed the banks could carry out the same job to support free trade. Hamilton insulted Aaron Burr when Burr lost New York’s governor race. Burr challenged him to a duel and Hamilton accepted. Hamilton was killed in the duel at Weehawken, NJ. Jefferson served as Vice President to George Washington and President after. Jefferson was passionate about education and founded the University of Virginia. To sum up Jefferson’s character, on his tombstone he did not want it to read “President of the United States of America,” but simply acknowledging his founding of the University of Virginia. His love for America was so great that he died on the Fourth of July along with Benjamin Franklin.
Jefferson v. Hamilton and the Federalist Era
The Failure of the League of Nations
Steven Bosco
Mrs. Carty
Global 10
May 31, 2012
The Failure of the League of Nations
At the end of World War I, the League of Nations was formed by the Treaty of Versailles and created a more organized way of negotiation between countries, but it was unsuccessful. Its first goal was to attain a peace for World War I. Its aims were to guarantee international cooperation and to achieve international peace and security. The League of Nations was the first systematic attempt to create an organization to prevent war and promote peace. The League of Nations failed because it was not universal. It excluded the superpowers Russia, Germany, and the United States. It was a defective tool for achieving German disarmament and did not build a strong alliance. It did have some success in; although, it was ultimately unsuccessful, it was an ambitious attempt to change the abuses of the state system while containing the individual sovereignty of each nation.
The League of Nations was far from universal and this was a big problem. The conflict between Britain and France affected the League. France wanted to punish Germany as much as possible and completely take away their war making power. Great Britain believed France’s demands to be a little too harsh. There were major disagreements between the British and the French over the scale of German disarmament and security guarantees. There was also an argument between the British and the Americans over German naval disarmament. France was afraid Germany might attack them again and did not want to take any chances. France wanted to strip Germany of their military power so they could not hurt them. Britain, like the United States of America, was less interested in the goal that France valued. Another major problem was that Russia, the United States, and Germany were not even in the League of Nations. Russia was a communist nation and was not allowed to join. America refused to join despite Wilson’s interest in joining. Germany was not allowed to join the League because they started the war. Leaving out Germany was intended as a punishment. Without these three extremely powerful nations, the League was very weak in enforcing its policies. France and Britain did not care about Eastern Europe and suffered too much from World War I to pay much attention to the League.
The League of Nations failed to achieve its disarmament goals. The Disarmament Conference met to achieve these disarmament goals. The conference failed to produce real results. The differences of opinions between the nations in the League were too great. Hopes of true disarmament died with the departure of Germany from the League. Germany ignored the disarmament policies and mobilized and trained soldiers under Hitler. France and Britain were too weak to really enforce disarmament because of their recovery from the war. There were domestic forces within the nations opposing disarmament. The Disarmament Conference was organized too late amidst hostile situations. The overly ambitious aims and practical problems involved in the reduction of armaments. The League also failed to impose and enforce military spending constraints.
The League of Nations failed to achieve an adequate alliance. It did not build up any strong alliances. League of Nations did not function as a credible alliance itself either. It failed to provide adequate security promises for its members, like Poland, who could not defend themselves from superpowers like Russia. Without alliances, the aggressive policies by the authoritarian states led to an arms race. The Treaty of Versailles broke territory promises made to Italy. Italy took over Fiume and the League did nothing about it, even though it was set up to enforce and maintain peace.
The League of Nations did experience success in some ways. The League failed to stop a gory war in Turkey. It did respond to the humanitarian crisis caused by this war. The League sent doctors to Turkey that worked to cure diseases. The League also spent a large amount of money on building farms and homes for the refugees of the war. Greece invaded Bulgaria. Bulgaria pleaded their case to the League and asked for help. The League reviewed the situation and demanded Greece to leave and gave a fine of £45,000. The status of people in the Third World was improved because of the League’s work. Drug smuggling was attacked by the League. The greatest success the League had was informing the world of important issues that needed to be resolved. It was almost like an international newspaper.
Overall, the League of Nations was a failure. The League did not maintain peace as it had hoped. It did not create a link between nations to work together either. “Any threat of war is a matter of concern to the whole League and the League shall take action that may safe guard peace.” This quote is from Article 11 of the League’s Covenant. The League did not live up to this. When Italy attacked Fiume, the League did nothing. Some successes did come through the League as mentioned earlier that gave ideas for the United Nations. The nations within the League focused on building up themselves rather than working together to fix international problems. From the very beginning, the League was setting itself up for failure. Without the help of such powerful countries, enforced policies, and alliances, the League was destined to fail. Few successes came out of the League. The League of Nations was a legitimate attempt to unite nations to solve international problems, despite its ultimate failure.
Works Cited
Eloranta, Jari. Why Did the League of Nations Fail? Presentation. Web. 24 Apr. 2012. <http://www.ata.boun.edu.tr/ehes/Istanbul Conference Papers- May 2005/WHY_DID_THE_LEAGUE_OF_NATIONS_FAIL.pdf>.
Hinsley, F. H. “Frontmatter – University Publishing Online.” Cambridge Books Online. Cambridge University Press, Jan. 2010. Web. 24 Apr. 2012. <http://ebooks.cambridge.org/chapter.jsf?bid=CBO9780511622458>.
Oppenheim, L. The League of Nations and Its Problems; Three Lectures,. London: Longmans, Green and, 1919. Print.
Pollock, Frederick. The League of Nations. London: Stevens and Sons, 1920. Print.
The Failure of the League of Nations
Death of a Salesman is not a Tragedy
Steven Bosco
Mr. Thomas
English 11
7 May 2013
Death of a Salesman is not a Tragedy
Arthur Millers’ Death of a Salesman is not a tragedy because the truest definition of tragedy does not fit the play. Willy, the father and traveling salesman, does not fit the typical qualities a character has that plays a role in famous tragic stories. According to Aristotle’s theory of tragedy, a character in a tragedy should have specific qualities. For example, the character should be almost idealized. The play must be understood by one to form an opinion on whether or not it is a tragedy.
Death of a Salesman is a play written by Arthur Miller of a family who has troubles and meets an unfortunate end. Two brothers, Biff and Happy, are still living at home. They are in their 30′s and seem to have no motivation to leave the house and tackle their life. Biff and Happy’s father, Willy Loman, is a traveling salesman who is wrapped in so much false pride that he does not accept his failure in life. Willy refuses to understand and embrace his true self — an an unsuccessful salesman. Willy’s wife, Linda, knows of Willy’s faults, one of which is that Willy had cheated on her and had been caught by Biff. Biff never told Linda about Willy’s affair; although, Biff did hint at it a few times.
A well-respected, well-liked man is all Willy Loman ever prided himself in being, but Willy never achieved that in reality. Well into the play, Biff goes to meet Bill Oliver, but is unsuccessful. “Pop, I’m nothing! I’m nothing, Pop. Can’t you understand that? There’s no spite in it any more. I’m just what I am, that’s all.” (Pg. 102). Biff tries to tell Willy that he just needs to understand and accept that Biff was never a successful salesman or anything worthy for that matter. Willy has such expectations of Biff, yet Biff feels they are not realistic or true. Willy continues to make up unreal scenarios that just feed lies.
Finally, a very essential argument happens in which Biff says, “I stopped in the middle of that building and I saw — the sky. I saw the things that I love in this world. The work and the food and time time to sit and smoke. And I looked at the pen and said to myself, what the hell am I grabbing this for? Why am I trying to become what I don’t want to be? What am I doing in an office, making a contemptuous, begging fool of myself, when all I want is out there, waiting for me the minute I say I know who I am! Why can’t I say that, Willy?” (Pg. 105). Such a sad, yet beautiful thing occurs after this is said. Willy finally understands that for all the time together, they have never restrained from telling a lie for more than 10 minutes. Willy finally realizes that Biff truly loves him. That night, Willy was full of happiness, selflessness, and may have even felt free — Free from all the bullshit that he and his sons have gone through. Willy, with deep excitement, preaches to Ben, his dead brother, how amazing it would be to put $20,000 of insurance money into Biff’s pocket. Willy, in a relieved cheerful manner, gets in his car and speeds off to meet his death.
Death of a Salesman cannot be defined as a tragedy because Willy does not fit the usual characteristics a victim of a tragedy would. Aristotle’s theory of tragedy states that the characters should be “good or fine,” as in their quality of morals. Willy, Biff, and Happy do not fit this first quality. Willy does not have good morals on how to respect what his boys truly are. Biff does not possess good morals in the way he treats his father, Willy. Happy, just like Biff, does not deeply care for Willy. For example, Happy was more interested in two girls rather than his father, who was alone in the bathroom. Happy selfishly abandoned Willy.
Based on Aristotle’s theory of tragedy, Death of a Salesman is not a tragedy because Willy Loman was not “true to life” and lacked “consistency.” Willy was not “true to his life”, or realistic. He continuously misleads himself to believe that Biff was very successful and that everything would be just fine. Willy lacked “consistency”, meaning he is not true to himself. For the play to be a tragedy, Willy would have had to be idealized and ennobled. In no way is Willy perfect or well-liked, instead, Willy thinks himself to be such.
Death of a Salesman does in fact have a katharsis, an important aspect to a tragic story. According to Aristotle, the end of a tragedy is a katharsis, or a cleansing of the tragic emotions of pity and fear. “Tragedy arouses the emotions of pity and fear in order to purge away their excess, to reduce these passions to a healthy, balanced proportion.” (Aristotle). At the end of the play, there is a katharsis when Biff, Happy, and Linda are standing at Willy’s grave. “I’m gonna show you and everybody else that Willy Loman did not die in vain. He had a good dream. It’s the only dream you can have – to come out number-one man. He fought it out here, and this is where I’m gonna win it for him.” (Pg. 130). This is a purification of emotion for Biff especially. Biff is freed from pity, fear, and decides he will prove that he can become something great, and is motivated by his father’s passing.
Even though some of the characters expeirenced a katharsis, Willy Loman did not. Willy never undergoes a true moment of insight. Throughout the entire play, Willy believes wealth and material possession is the most important thing in life. Willy proves his materialistic nature when he takes his own life to make money; although, suicide for Biff’s benefit is out of selflessness because he cares so much about Biff’s future.
If Aristotle’s view of the word, tragedy, is believed to be the principal meaning, then Willy Loman must show peripeteia, or a reversal of circumstances. Willy Loman does not go through a reversal of fortune and success. He was never very successfull in the first place, and never made much money. Willy is not of a high status in society; therefore, Willy is not qualified to be a tragic hero. For example, in The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet, Romeo and Juliet are of high class and fortunate nobility and undergo peripeteia. Romeo and Juliet’s status’ in society were diminished and there was a unfortunate tragic end. This reversal seen in Romeo and Juliet is not present in Death of a Salesman. Arthur Miller, author of Death of a Salesman, argues that you do not need to be of noble birth to experience tragedy. This is why a concrete definition of tragedy does not exist. It depends on what the reader believes to be a tragedy, and it is ultimately up to the reader to decide for his or her self whether or not something is a tragedy.
While writing Death of a Salesman, Arthur Miller may have not been trying to fit the play with the Aristotelian view of tragedy. Miller wanted to connect with the readers of the modern era by modelling Willy just as most people of the time. Miller may have been trying to make Willy an unimportant man who was just trying to make a living, to represent the common people of the time. Simply the name, “Loman”, sounds like a usual, regular name. The name represents commonness and unimportance. Miller was attempting to get the point across that tragedy can affect us all, and not simply in the way Aristotle believes. To Miller, tragedy can be experienced by anyone, whether ones a king or peasant, soldier or businessman.
Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman can be thought of as an unfortunate, awful occurance, but does not fit the truest sense of the word, tragedy. The principal meaning of tragedy was set by Aristotle. Although Death of a Salesman does not meet all the circumstances a tragedy must have, it is ultimately a melancholy play that connects with even the most regular people who are struggling to make a living.
Works Cited
“ARISTOTLE & THE ELEMENTS OF TRAGEDY: English 250.” Aristotle’s Tragic Terms. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 May 2013.
Best, Micheal. “Is Romeo and Juliet a Tragedy?” :: Life and Times. University of Victoria, Feb. 1999. Web. 07 May 2013.
Lozzoms. “Tragedy in Death of a Salesman.” HubPages. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 May 2013.
McManus, Barbara F. “Outline of Aristotle’s Theory of Tragedy.” Outline of Aristotle’s Theory of Tragedy. N.p., Nov. 1999. Web. 07 May 2013.
Miller, Arthur. “The Portable Arthur Miller.” Google Books. Penguin Group, n.d. Web. 07 May 2013.
Schweinitz, George D. “Death of a Salesman: A Note on Epic and Tragedy.” N.p., n.d. Web.
“What Is Catharsis?” WiseGEEK. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 May 2013.
Death of a Salesman is not a Tragedy
Money Can't Buy Happiness
English 11
Mr. Thomas
9 April 2013
Money Can’t Buy Happiness
Throughout the Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald is sending a message that proves money can not buy happiness. Money is a very influential part of the novel and shapes Gatsby’s entire life. Tom Buchanan represents old money and uses most of his time spending money. Gatsby thinks a great deal about money, but mostly because he will do anything to impress Daisy. It makes him who he is socially, but it does not truly connect to him the way it does to Tom.
Money affects Gatsby and every other important character in the Great Gatsby. Gatsby spends his early life working on a farm in North Dakota as James Gatz. “His parents were shiftless and unsuccessful farm people-his imagination never really accepted them as his parents at all” (pg. 98). After getting a glimpse of the wealthy life, he is determined to make fortunes to impress Daisy. When he met Daisy while training to be an officer in Louisville, he fell in love with her. It is learned that Gatsby made his fortune through criminal activity. This shows how Gatsby is really willing to do anything to become wealthier and rise up in the social class. Gatsby believed he needed to do such things to win Daisy’s heart. People like Gatsby are so caught up in money that they lose sight of the other important things in life.
Tom Buchanan is greatly affected by money in the novel. He is an example of old money and was born into an extremely wealthy family. Tom spends his money on crazy things like “a string of polo ponies for Lake Forest” (pg. 5). “It was hard to realize that a man in my own generation was wealthy enough to do that” (pg. 5). Although Gatsby is just as flashy as Tom, Tom is arragent and is respected by ever man in town.
Daisy can be described as a gold-digger and is very materialistic. She expects to be paired with wealthy men. Daisy knows that Tom is having an affair behind her back, yet she does not leave him. She is entirely unhappy with her life, but since she is so greatly materialistic she stays with Tom. Eventually, Daisy encounters an important decision, to choose between Tom and Gatsby. Gatsby is the one she truly loves, but Daisy is so influenced by money that she returns to Tom so she can keep her $300,000 pearl necklace.
Money can buy each and every little thing acquired in life, according to the characters of the Great Gatsby. Money replaces true love in the novel. Gatsby is so personally involved in money that he believes it is the only possible way to attract Daisy. Of course, this is not true because a relationship based on money will not last! Daisy already has everything she could ever dream for with Tom and completely ignores her feelings towards Gatsby. Money controls Daisy.
There are two things money can not buy, and those are happiness and true friends. Even with all the money Gatsby possessed and everything he did with is, he never found much happiness. Gatsby tries to buy his happiness through throwing extravagant parties at his house every weekend. At these parties, guests awe over his beautiful, vibrant yellow Rolls Royce and his rare swimming pool. It took an extraordinary amount of money to build and maintain a pool at the time. Guests enjoyed a grand buffet and there were freshly cut flowers all over the place. For example, while touring the house, Nick wanders into the library. There he encounters “Owl Eyes”, who comments that none of the books were cut. When books were published back then, all the pages were stuck together at the top and in order for someone to read the books, they had to cut each page off. The books were just for show and was an instance of unreasonable spending to impress the crowd. Actually, he only became more unhappy as he became wealthier.
Money could not locate and establish true friendship for Gatsby. After Gatsby died, most people did not even care and a very few amount of people showed up to his funeral. Gatsby was taken advantage of because of his money. None of them were his real, true friends, but merely selfish strangers.
Gatsby never ended up with what he originally wanted and he was emotionally dead. He lost all sight of any true meaningful goals like the satisfaction of a true friendship whom he could laugh with and spend time enjoying life with. Gatsby is just like so many people today. Many people are so materialistic that physical things mean more to them than any feeling could. The novel ends with such tragic events that it is completely obvious that what Gatsby was seeking for all his life, was meaningless and did not fulfill him.
Money replaces religion in Gatsby’s life. Gatsby was so into his fortune and physical things, that he never really connected with God. God is almost absent from his life. God is one we always can go to when times are tough. Gatsby had no meaning of life and therefore did not even care about his relationship with God. If God did have a place in Gatsby’s stone heart, Gatsby may have eventually seen the important side of life. Gatsby left the Lord out of his life, and brought money in. He worshipped fortune as if it were a god.
“While money can’t buy happiness, it certainly lets you choose your own form of misery” – Groucho Marx. This quote is not from the novel, but is such a great example of how Gatsby, Daisy, and Tom’s lives turned out to be after replacing their hearts with money. The following quote by Dorothy Parker is perfect for the novel. “If you want to know what God thinks of money, just look at the people he gave it to.” Gatsby, Tom, and Daisy all followed money and found all they ever needed. We clearly understand how God feels about them because of their tragic unpleasant deaths.
In conclusion, it is easily understood that Fitzergald is warning us throughout his novel that being materialistic and using only money to succeed in life will lead to utter failure and a misfortunate end. Wealth only took Gatsby, Tom, and Daisy so far in life. There can be no striving for things you want if you already have all the money you could ever spend. There is no goal and there is no satisfaction.
Money Can't Buy Happiness
The Anti-Masonic Party and Freemasonry in the U.S.A.
Fr. Garaventa
U.S. History
11 March 2013
The Anti-Masonic Party and Freemasonry in the U.S.A.
The Anti-Mason Party was a formed in opposition to Presidential candidate Andrew Jackson and the Freemasons that ultimately helped Jackson win the election. Freemasonry, a fraternal organization that arose from obscure origins in the early 1600s, took root in Colonial America and influenced many of the United States’ great leaders. Our country was founded by great men who did what was considered wrong in order to do what they knew was right. Many of our great founding fathers were Freemasons, along with Presidents ranging from George Washington to Franklin Roosevelt. However, there was opposition to the Freemasons. The Anti-Masonic Party was founded to overthrow the Freemasons from power.
What do Freemasons believe in? How has Freemasonry shaped the greatest country in the world, the United States of America?
Freemasonry began in medieval Europe. The oldest known record of Freemasons is a poem known as the “Regius Manuscript.” This poem has been dated to approximately 1390. The poem starts out with a history of the “Craft” of Freemasonry. It describes Euclid, the Greek “Father of Geometry”, as the inventor of geometry. The poem traced the spread of the art of geometry all the way to England. Following the section about geometry are fifteen articles that address moral behavior and how to work. For example, it reads “(d)o not harbour thieves, do not take bribes, attend church regularly, teach apprentices properly.” Following that section, there are fifteen points for craftsmen which are very similar.
The Masons built lodges, some of which were built as early as the late 1500′s. It is believed that there was one in Scotland at that time. A Masonic lodge is a place where meetings would be held. Masonic lodges can be named after a historical figure, a famous Freemason, or the town location. Each lodge name is followed by a number; for example, the Ancient Landmarks Lodge #319 or the Washington Lodge #13. The number is issued by a Grand Lodge that governs over the smaller lodges. The smaller the number that follows the name, the older the lodge is.
Freemasons use signs, grips, tokens and words to gain admission to a lodge or meeting. Signs, grips, and passwords that are taught to the Masons under initiation rituals used since the eighteenth century. Each lodge may change and create its own rituals that prove one is in fact a Freemason.
Each lodge room is decorated and detailed after aspects of King Solomon’s Temple. Freemasonry uses symbolism to teach its members. A very large amount of the symbolism used is based on the accounts of Solomon’s Temple. King Solomon’s Temple was built in the 10th century B.C. on a hill called Mount Moriah in Jerusalem. The Temple was built as a place to worship God and also to store the sacred Ark of the Covenant. The Ark of the Covenant contains tablets of the Ten Commandments given to Moses by God. When Freemasonry evolved into a more philosophical organization in the 1700s, the Freemasons began to use the symbolism of King Solomon’s Temple as a tool to teach moral and spiritual ideas.
The Grand Lodge of England was the first Masonic Grand Lodge and was founded on June 24th, 1717. Multiple English Lodges joined the new Grand Lodge. The Grand Lodge of England made changes to the ritual as a result of disclosures in the press. Many lodges did not want to make the changes, so they formed a rival Grand Lodge on June 17th, 1751. This rival Grand Lodge was named the “Most Ancient and Honourable Society of Free and Accepted Masons According to the Old Institutions.” It was more widely known as the “Ancient Grand Lodge of England.” The two Grand Lodges, the “Moderns” and the “Ancients”, competed for supremacy. Ultimately, they nevertheless united on November 25th, 1813, and formed the United Grand Lodge of England.
Freemasonry was brought to the British Colonies in North America in the 1730s. The Ancients and Moderns chartered new Mason Lodges in America. The oldest known American lodges were located in Pennsylvania. A Grand Lodge was founded in each individual State after the Revolutionary War. Many Masons wanted George Washington to be the first Grand Master, but the idea died out and it never happened.
Many important people of the early United States of America were Freemasons, such as Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, James Monroe, Andrew Jackson, William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, William Taft, Franklin Roosevelt, Gerald Ford and several others. Joseph Montfort, the Grand Master of the United States of America, was a Colonal of Colonial Troops and the North Carolina Treasurer. He was a member of the Royal White Hart Lodge built in 1769 at Halifax, North Carolina (which this author visited last month). Joseph Montfort was the highest Mason official ever reigning on the North American continent. His grave in Halifax reads, “The First – The Last – The Only – Grand Master of America.”
There is no official religion in Freemasonry and Masons are not obligated to follow any specific religion. Regular Masons are required to declare a belief in a supreme being; however, they do not have to expand on their intepretation of who or what the supreme being is. In the Masonic ritual, the supreme being is referred to as the Great Architect of the Universe. This shows the use of architectural symbolism within Freemasonry, mostly derived from King Solomon’s Temple. Most Masons are Christians and believe in God and the Holy Bible. Freemasons believe mankind will be saved by science and not by God or any religious beliefs. The higher degree a Freemason is, the more secretive the order is. It is not publicly known what is revealed to high-ranking Masons concerning God and religion.
Each and every Freemason swears to keep the “Secrets of Freemasonry”, and to act in accordance with Masonic tradition and law. These obligations of a Mason are sworn on the Volume of the Sacred Law and in the presence of the supreme being.
If a man empties his purse into his head, no man can take it away from him. An investment in knowledge always pays the best interest (Benjamin Franklin).
This quote by Benjamin Franklin, a Freemason, exemplifies the importance of knowledge in Freemasonry. Winston Churchill wrote “If you have knowledge, let others light their candles with it.” Churchill says that people should share their knowledge for the benefit of the greater good. This is an example of the morals of Freemasons. Benjamin Franklin also stated,
Masonic labor is purely a labor of love. He who seeks to draw Masonic wages in gold and silver will be disappointed. The wages of a Mason are earned and paid in their dealings with one another; sympathy that begets sympathy, kindness begets kindness, helpfulness begets helpfulness, and these are the wages of a Mason.
Many conspiracy theories about the Freemasons have been described since the 1700′s. Some conspiracy theories may seem far fetched, while others may seem quit possible. One theory is that the Freemasons control huge parts of society and government and continue to work to establish the New World Order. The New World Order is a one-world government. Some people believe that Freemasons are conspiring to eventually rule the world through an authoritarian world government. Christians believe that the New World Order will rise at the end of time led by the Antichrist. Another theory posits that Freemasons worship Lucifer. This belief is attributed to quotes by Albert Pike, the Head of Freemasonry in the 1800′s. Pike wrote a book called Morals and Dogma in which he writes, “The masonic Religion should be, by all of us initiates of the higher degrees, maintained in the Purity of the Luciferian doctrine. If Lucifer were not God, would Adonay and his priests calumniate him?”
The Eye of Providence, or the All-Seeing Eye of God, on the One Dollar bill is a symbol known to be associated with Freemasonry. The symbol is on the reverse side of the Great Seal of the United States. It is thought to represent the eye of God watching over the world. In 1797, the Eye appeared as a part of the standard symbols of the Freemasons. The symbol is a reminder that a Mason’s thoughts and deeds are always observed by God. Since Freemasonry believes in salvation by scientific knowledge, the Eye may symbolize a different supreme being, possibly blasphemous. The bottom of the seal reads, Novus Ordo Seclorum, meaning “New Order of the Ages”. While it may just mean the beginning of a great country, the United States of America, some believe it is foretelling the New World Order, previously mentioned.
As a response to Freemasonry and its hold in the United States of America, America’s first third party, the Anti-Masonic Party, was formed to get rid of Freemasonry. The Anti-Masonic Party strongly opposed Freemasonry. The party was founded in 1828 in upstate New York. The Anti-Masonic Party brought new ideas and innovations to American politics. It started nominating conventions, which is a political convention that is held every four years that determines who the presidential candidate for that party will be. The party also began party platforms, which are a list or agenda of things that need to be done to appeal to the general public and win their vote.
Anti-Masons were people who feared the secretive powerful Freemasons. They believed that the secret society of Freemasonry was very powerful and had an agenda to rule the country in defiance of republican principles. In 1826, a man named William Morgan was arrested for not paying debt, but was then released as it was paid. Morgan was a Freemason of the Batavia Lodge and had become dissatified with his lodge. Morgan was going to publish a book revealing the secrets of the Freemasons. When the Freemasons found out about his intentions, they tried to burn down the publishing house. Morgan dissappeared and was never found. It was said that he had been taken to the Cayman Islands where he was to be hanged as a pirate. The Freemasons, Loton Lawon, Nicholas Chesebro, and Edward Sawyer, were charged and convicted of kidnapping Morgan. The three Masons recieved minimal punishment. This led to public outrage and started protests against Freemasons. Many of these protests took place in New York and the adjacent States.
Ordinary citizens believed the Freemasons were an elitist group that held important positions in society and would unjustly help each other out in court and elsewhere. When a member was going to reveal the Mason secrets, the Masons had gotten rid of him. Since they controlled official positions, they could use their powers for the benefit of the fraternity and its members. Common people believed they had to be removed from their positions in government to restore a just democracy.
The Anti-Masonic movement started and was a stable, strong movement that held the beliefs of the common people. Churches began an opposition to Freemasonry of their own and it seemed to be sort of a religious crusade (Later, Freemasons were excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church in the 1917 code of Canon Law, and a statement issued by Pope John Paul II in 1983 stated that the penalty was still in force). In the early 1800s, the Anti-Masonic movement had become a local political issue in New York, where citizens held large meetings to make sure no Masons were elected for public office.
During this time, the year of 1828, President John Quincy Adams ran for his second term as President against Andrew Jackson. Adams’ supporters, called “Adams men” or the “Anti-Jackson” faction, were determined to utilize the great anti-Masonic feeling to create a new vigorous third party to contend the rising Jacksonian Democracy. John Quincy Adams notably remarked in his Letters on the Masonic Institution, “Freemasonry is deceptive and fraudulent…Its promise is light–its performance is darkness.” Adams also stated, “I do conscientiously and sincerely believe that the Order of Freemasonry, if not the greatest, is one of the greatest moral and political evils under which the Union is now laboring.” In addition to Adams’ remarks, Millard Filmore mentioned “The Masonic fraternity tramples upon our rights, defeats the administration of justice and bid defiance of every government which it cannot control.” Adams’ and Filmore’s remarks exemplify just how strongly they, as well as other people, felt about the secret society.
The party gained great support, especially because Andrew Jackson was a high-ranking Freemason who often spoke out in praise and approval of the Freemason order. In 1829, the Anti-Masonic party was increasingly strong and soon became the biggest opposing party in all of New York State. The Party expanded its platform and became a leader of internal improvements, the creation of transportation infastruction and navigational improvements, and a supporter of the protective tariff. The Party made it big and published 35 weekly newspapers in New York alone, the most popular being the Albany Journal, edited by Thurlow Weed, an Anti-Masonic member who worked to align the Anti-Masonic movement.
The Anti-Masonic Party invented the type of political conventions that are held today. A convention is where the elected delegates would vote and decide candidates for the party and pledge their loyalty. Eventually, all parties would adopt this idea and hold their own party conventions.
By 1832, the Anti-Masonic Party had lost its original sight of ridding the land of Freemasonry. The Party nominated a former Mason, William Wirt, for the 1832 Presidential elections. Wirt had won around 100,000 votes, Henry Clay of the Republic Party had won around 484,000 votes, and Andrew Jackson had won approximately 702,000 votes. Jackson had won and the Anti-Masonic Party had failed to stop Jackson, a Freemason, from being elected. The Party started to fade and its members gradually united with the National Republicans and other Anti-Jackson supporters to later form the Whig Party in 1833. The Whig Party’s boss was the one and only Thurlow Weed, the same man who began his political career as an Anti-Mason and published the Albany Journal.
In 1835, the Anti-Masonic Party started to toughen up again after their State Convention in Harrisburg. At the convention, William Henry Harrison was nominated to run for President in the 1836 presidential elections. The Party restated the original purpose of the Party as strictly anti-Masonic. Although Harrison did not win, the Anti-Masonic movement was still strong. In 1837, the Third Anti-Masonic National Nomination Convention was held in Philadelphia. At that time, the Whig party had completely engulfed the Anti-Masonic Party. Harrison became the nominee for the Whig Party in the 1840 elections. The Anti-Masonic Party did not choose a nominee and vanished by 1838.
In conclusion, the Anti-Masonic Party proved to be ineffective in its goal to prevent President Andrew Jackson from the Presidency. The Party actually split the anti-Jackson votes, which ultimately helped Jackson win. The original purpose of the party, anti-Masonry, had earned it many supporters. Once that main motive faded away, the support for the Party diminished and the Party dissolved into the Whig Party in 1838. Freemasonry has been, and still is, a popular secret society that has over 6 million members worldwide, and in the US is no longer directly involved in political parties. However, there are hundreds of Freemasons in high governmental positions and public office. Most Americans view the Freemasons as a social and fraternal organization that performs good works in the community, and no longer is suspect for sinister motives as it had been in the past. A small minority of people in America still harbor similar fears and doubts about the organization to this day.
The Anti-Masonic Party and Freemasonry in the U.S.A.
The Affects of the American Revolution
Steven Bosco
United States History 11
Father Garaventa
28 October 2012
The Affects of the American Revolution
The American Revolution fundamentally changed American society economically, politically, and socially. From the year 1775 to 1800, the newly formed United States of America began its path to become a world super-power. Those who gave up their lives in the American Revolution vowed they would not die in vain. History proves that the Americans’ great sacrifice led to the shifts in politics, social roles, and economics.
Economically, the United States boomed. Little did they know, the hard working Americans would succeed in building a great country. During the time of the revolution, America was going through a very hard time concerning agriculture. After the war, the United States suffered bankruptcies, farm closures, and experienced a significant economic depression. From Document F, it is understood that America was attempting to promote agriculture.
A significant number of people supported paper currency. Originally, trading valuable goods was common. Support for paper currency, backed up by gold, was growing. The courts of justice in some counties had been stopped because of ignorant, restless people in America who did not seek freedom (Document G).
According to article 6, in An Ordinance for the Government of the Territory of the United States Northwest of the River Ohio, no slavery was allowed in said territory. Any person attempting to escape lawful service may be lawfully reclaimed and conveyed (Document H). Business in America under this ordinance can be significantly hurt as slavery was essential to increased production of trade-able goods in America. Slaves were cheap and good workers. Banning slavery could have negatively affected the economy in said territory.
Politically, the United States built its own government emphasizing freedom for the people. The government’s purpose was, and still is, “by the people, for the people.” A sense of American patriotism grew. Americans wanted to ban the loyalists and ship them back to Britain. Patriots should only reside in America (Document B).
Native Americans were relieved that Independence had broken out. The Natives looked forward to a lasting peace with the Americans (Document C). It did not work out as they had hoped. Native Americans were not satisfied with the colonists and their plan to hold a general conference was neglected (Document E). Without a good relationship with the Native Americans, the American economy could not prosper from Native American and American trade.
James Madison wrote, “If all men were angels, no government would be necessary,” (Document I). This is true, however all men are not angels; therefore, government is necessary to protect the people and maintain order.
One of the most important rights Americans received was the freedom of religion. All men shall be free to their opinion and to profess it (Document D). Such a right made the United States very attractive to those of prosecuted religions. Many people emigrated their home country to live in America. The United States thrived from this population growth economically because of the increased number of workers and businesses.
Socially, the roles of Americans had shifted. Mothers had assumed the role of protector of the house, formerly the fathers role. The boys were now the men of the house and girls would take on the mother’s jobs of cleaning and cooking. All this had changed because the fathers went to war. In document A, it can be understood that the fighting of the war was taking place on American land and that the war was personal for many people. The document can give the message that women can be useful when needed.
The idea of women’s’ rights started to break out. Molly Wallace professed her belief that women should be taught to read and have the right to speak (Document J). Women’s rights would be an enormous social change in America.
It is obvious that America had undergone a significant change economically, politically, and socially from 1775 to 1800. The American Revolution was a great stage in forming the United States of America. A free country it was built to be, a free country it shall remain. Change can be good, and in this case, it was. The American Revolution succeeded in achieving strong rights for the people; however, by not planning ahead and creating a powerful government with an economic base, “The principles of the Revolution were not achieved by the Revolution itself.”
The Affects of the American Revolution
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Almost use theіr private credit cards. This iѕ a high priced alternative and can in fact put thеm additional аt risk when the lawsuit takes over yоu anticipate regarding settled. And in case they lose the lawsuit thеy still hаve to pay thеir month-to-month credit card receipts unlike lawsuit loan or lawsuit cash advances.
To work with example, іf a personal loan of $ 5,000 is given, it may mеan thаt the charge card debt іs cleared, аnd maybе some people outstanding bills. It can be also deleted an classic loan balance. This means that the total debt and аlsо the сorrеsрondіng monthly repayments fall release extra cash.
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It іs essential regarding bоth competent controlled providers and skillful legal counsel are typical retained as in record time аs роssіble immediately following car wrecks among neck injuries. Without an attorney, neіther lawsuit funding nor debt settlement loansis tо bе found. Without savvy medical providers, predicaments аre compromised due tо poor documentation, etc.
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